Many teenagers struggle to get enough sleep, usually because they're busy, have varied routines and have access to screens before bedtime. But sleep problems can keep some teens awake at night even when they want to sleep. People with a sleep deficit are unable to concentrate, study, and work effectively. They can also have a detrimental impact on their mental health and wellbeing.

Depression is a low mood that lasts for a long time.

Depression can mean just being in low spirits. It doesn't always stop you living your normal life but makes everything harder to do and seem less worthwhile. Irritability in young people is a commonly missed symptom of depression.

Left untreated depression can be life-threatening because so some people it can make them feel suicidal.

Anxiety can be experienced in lots of different ways. If your experiences meet certain criteria you may have a specific anxiety disorder. The most common include:

Anxiety can be experienced in lots of different ways. If your experiences meet certain criteria you may have a specific anxiety disorder. The most common include:

General anxiety

Separation anxiety

Social anxiety

Panic

Specific phobia

Post traumatic stress (PTSD)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Health anxiety

Having unrealistic expectations about the self can contribute to increased feelings of anxiety, dissatisfaction, and difficulty coping.

Perfectionism is usually the result of trying to live up to an internal ideal. Other people can also put too much pressure on us to reach their standards.

An anxiety disorder related to body image.

You experience obsessing worries about one or more perceived flaws in your physical appearance. The flaw cannot be seen by others or appears very slight. You may start having compulsive behavioural and routines such as excessive use of mirrors.

OCD has two main parts: obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts, images, urges, worries or doubts that repeatedly appear in your mind.

Compulsions are repetitive activities that you do to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsession such as checking, washing and reassurance seeking.

OCD has two main parts: obsessions and compulsions.

Obsessions are unwelcome thoughts, images, urges, worries or doubts that repeatedly appear in your mind.

Compulsions are repetitive activities that you do to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsession such as checking, washing and reassurance seeking.

The experience of losing someone important. It is characterised by grief, which is the process and the range of emotions we go through as we gradually adjust to the loss. Feelings of grief can also happen because of other types of loss such as

• the end of a relationship
• parental separation
• moving away to a new location
• a decline in the physical or mental health of loved one

PTSD is a mental health condition caused by a traumatic experience.

Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, feeling very anxious and difficulty sleeping.

Any situation that a person finds traumatic can cause post-traumatic stress disorder. Examples include a road accident, a personal assault, witnessing abuse such as domestic violence and childbirth

Self injurious behaviour is usually as a result of another problem. It can happen if you are feeling intense emotions and feel you don’t have any other way of dealing with these and life’s issues.

Often self-harming brings only temporary relief. You may feel you cannot manage these emotions. However there are other healthy ways you can cope such as distraction, relaxation and talking with a trusted adult or your therapist.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to help children to reframe how they interpret and evaluate their emotional and behavioral reactions to negative experiences.

Realizing that emotions and behaviors can be regulated and managed is empowering and can lead to improvements in self-control, emotion regulation, coping skills, and emotional awareness during this critical developmental stage.

Trauma focussed CBT (TF-CBT) aims to create a trusting therapeutic relationship between therapist, child, and parent. The therapist incorporates individual child and parent sessions as well as joint sessions using family therapy principles. Including non-offending parents in therapy can help the parent cope. Parents who are managing their own emotions are better able to support their child in this treatment.

Practitioners of TF-CBT strive to give parents the resources and skills necessary to help their children cope with the psychological ramifications of the abuse or other trauma

• Transient tic disorder or provisional tic disorder – motor tics usually confined to the face and neck although other body parts may be affected; sometimes vocal tics are also present. Tics only last a few weeks or months.
• Chronic tic disorder – tics tend to persist rather than be transitory and can include blinking, sniffing or neck movements. Tics occur for more than 1 year
• Tourette Syndrome – multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics present for at least 12 months although not always concurrently.
• A tic disorder not specified - tics are present, but do not meet the criteria for any specific tic disorder

Emetophobia is a fear of vomiting or fear of seeing others be sick. Those who experience emetophobia may believe they will be be out of control while they are being sick or fear being sick in public, which can trigger avoidance behaviours. CBT can help you to learn to tolerate the triggers and remove the avoidance safety behaviours.